My Last Duchess :: essays research papers

     A emotional monolog is characterized as a sonnet where a solitary character is addressing an individual or people as a rule about a significant theme. The reason for most sensational monologs is to give the peruser an in general or cozy perspective on the character’s character. An incredible artist can utilize accentuation and cadence to cause the sonnet to show up as though it were a real discussion. Robert Browning, known as the dad of the emotional monolog, does this in his sonnet, â€Å"My Last Duchess.'; The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker in â€Å"My Last Duchess,'; is depicted as an envious, presumptuous man who is controlling over his better half.      The Duke of Ferrara was made desirous by everything the duchess did, regardless of how insignificant it was. He was particularly desirous of Fra Pandolf, the man who painted the duchess in the sonnet. A lady ought to be satisfied distinctly by her better half, as was not the situation with the duchess and Fra Pandolf. She was â€Å"too effectively intrigued'; by the painter (line 23). Fra Pandolf was not by any means the only man that made the duke envious. Each and every individual who passed the duchess got â€Å"much a similar grin'; as the duke (line 44). The duke expected to be the main man to get a grin from his significant other.      Another part of the duke’s character tended to in the sonnet is his deigning disposition. Multiple times in the sonnet the duke unnecessarily told the names of the specialists who made the perfect works of art that he possessed (lines 3 and 56). He felt prevalence over the emissary he was addressing by dropping these names. The duke tended to the emissary as a â€Å"never read stranger'; (line 6). In addition to the fact that it was disparaging for the duke to consider him an outsider, yet he called him unintelligent as well.      The third character characteristic of the duke is his controlling conduct. In lines nine and ten he told the emissary that nobody â€Å"puts by the blind'; that he had drawn for him yet the duke himself. He wanted to control who at any point took a gander at the composition of the duchess. The fundamental proof of his ruling conduct is in line 46. The line peruses, â€Å"†¦then all grins halted together.'; The line is vague, however the most probable understanding is that the duke had his significant other murdered. The sonnet can be deciphered in a few distinct manners, yet in all cases the duke is an extremely controlling man.

Human Resource Development Free Essays

string(130) perceived gauges which offers successful and quality to clients and better assurance of an occupation candidate’s competency. Chapter by chapter guide Assignment Brie Introduction2 1. 0Task 013 2. 1 Role of UK Government in preparing development3 2. We will compose a custom article test on Human Resource Development or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now 2. 1 NVQs and competency developments in the UK4 2. 2. 2 NVQ Levels of UK5 2. 3 Contemporary trainings activities in Sri Lanka6 2. 3. 1 Vocational Institute of Sri Lanka6 2. 3. 2 Tertiary and Vocational Education Commission (TVEC)6 . 3. 3 National Apprentice and Industry Training Authority (NAITA)7 2. 3. 4 The Ceylon German Technical Training Institute (CGTTI)7 2. 3. 5 NVQs in UK and Sri Lanka8 3. 0. Errand 039 3. 1 Training and Development9 3. 2 Identifying Employee Training Needs10 3. 3 Importance of Employee Training for the Bank10 3. 4 Factors for Training and Development11 3. 5 Importance of Evaluation11 3. 6 The Way of Evaluation Needs To Be On Going12 4. 0 Conclusion13 5. 0 Reference14 1. 0 Introduction Human Resource Development is a procedure and arranged exercises structured, for example, utilization of preparing, association, and vocation advancement endeavors by an association to improve individual, gathering and hierarchical adequacy. The improvement procedure develops significant skills that encourage to execute present and future employment requests and empower the association to meet its key destinations. Human asset the executives (HRM) incorporates numerous jobs and Human asset improvement (HRD) is only one of the capacities inside Human Resource Management. Elements of the HRD are Training and improvement, Career advancement and Organizational turn of events. HRD manager’s job towards this is fuse HRD with hierarchical objectives and methodologies while alter HRD to corporate needs and financial plan, Promotes HRD as a benefit enhancer and worker execution upgrade. As indicated by the hypotheses of learning in HRD, is essential to perceive how individuals learn and along these lines there are six principle speculations goes under learning styles, for example, behaviorism, cognitivism, social learning hypothesis, social constructivism, different insights and mind based learning. NVQs and competency developments are set up in the UK government so as to upgrade word related aptitudes of workers. These depend on national word related gauges. Measures are explanations of execution depict what competent individuals in a specific occupation are relied upon to have the option to do. HRD incorporate ways and techniques for distinguishing preparing and improvement needs and how preparing add to accomplish of business targets and the job a preparation and advancement arrangement for a business association. Assessments on factors are huge which are significant for arranging a preparation and advancement. Human Resource Development is fundamental towards accomplishing organization targets and should know about when preparing and advancement should be. 1. 0 Task 01 2. 1 Role of UK Government in preparing advancement United Kingdom government is distinguish occupations for which aptitudes and preparing required, perceives the centrality of preparing and give motivating forces to pull in and hold the workers. Furthermore, find the issues in labor arranging, improvement and verify that administration can execute to advance preparing. The Department of Employment and Learning-UK This division gave wide scope of preparing and advancement projects to the individuals around the United Kingdom. Point of the office is to advance learning and abilities, to get ready individuals for work and to help the economy. Destinations are to help financial, social and self-awareness through top notch learning, help individuals into work, research and abilities preparing and offer great business rehearses. Significant exercises of the division * Develop the interest and state of learning aptitudes, business, the board, venture and initiative abilities. * Maintain and increment the degree of innovative work, advancement and inventiveness in the Northern Ireland economy; * bolster people to secure positions, including independent work, and improving the relationship among business projects and aptitudes improvement; * The turn of events and support of the structure of business rights and duties. Abilities arrangement administration offers a solitary purpose of contact for workers, departmental prepared aptitudes guide is accessible to meet representative to talk about preparing needs and counsel to achieve his/her necessities, help progress an application, help with applying for monetary help where fitting. 2. 2. 1 NVQs and competency developments in the UK National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) depend on aptitudes, information and comprehension of an individual have which are identified with explicit territory of work. Explanation behind the Introduction of NVQs was to address shortcomings in current frameworks of professional capabilities in United Kingdom, 1986. As per the distribution of the White Paper Working together, instruction and preparing, the National Council for Vocational Qualifications (NCVQ) was set up. At that point NCVQ created as a system of NVQs which incorporate five levels and 11 word related zones. the administration supported for NVQs are based Industry Training Organizations to build up the word related measures , with granting bodies building up the appraisal and quality confirmation plans to standards set by NCVQ. In 1994 White Paper Competitiveness, a dominant part of bosses were either utilizing or expected to profit by NVQs and 40,000 directors were capable NVQs as evidence of lifetime learning. What's more, NVQs proceed forward-thinking and the substance and structure of all NVQs looked into by April 1996. These capabilities depend on national word related principles (NOS). NOS measures are characterize the capacities, information and understanding required for a given occupation, and recognizes results that can be evaluated. NOS are spread pretty much every occupation, existing as units and structure the premise of all National Vocational Qualifications. NVQs are different from customary capabilities on what individuals can do and show at work place. Conventional capabilities are simply some portion of the educational plan is found out and evaluated. As indicated by NVQ, everything that is determined in the capability must be accomplished and surveyed, energize and bolster the contender to pick up information on the most proficient method to do the rest of assess what the up-and-comer can accomplish at the work place. NVQs offer advantages for people, for example, Recognition of employment skills paying little heed to how they were gained Certification as having fulfilled national guidelines for a word related job, improved employability and transferability an adaptable course to getting qualified. Managers can have favorable circumstances a powerful method of creating staff that has universally perceived principles which offers compelling and quality to clients and better assurance of a vocation candidate’s competency. You read Human Resource Development in classification Paper models For the national level, NVQs are guaranteed workers’ aptitudes on merchandise and ventures delivered and making the nation progressively serious and upgrades the allure of the work power to remote financial specialists by giving accreditation of word related skill. 2. 2. 2 NVQ Levels of UK BTEC Higher National Diplomas (HND) gives more prominent quality and specialization, Edexcel is one of the fundamental granting and looking at association in the UK and directly through the world. NVQs have created for five degrees of abilities, Level 01 †Entry level Foundation Skills †This level distinguishes capacities of various work exercises acted in an assortment of points of view. Exercises are straightforward and particularly huge management is required all through the underlying advances and early months. Level 02 †gifted occupation †Identifies fitness in different work exercises and acted in various settings, some of exercises are intricate and non †normal, some are duty and self-sufficiency. Direction is required all through the work. Level 03 †Technician and administrative occupations Perceives capacities in an expansive scope of complex, which are identified with specialized or Professional work exercises execute in wide assortment of settings. The individual ought to be skilled of self-coordinated application, displays critical thinking, structuring, arranging and administrative capacities. Level 04 †specialized authority and center administration occupations This level perceives abilities including the utilization of basic standards and complex procedures on wide territory of points of view. Level 04 is Equivalent to certificate, First degree, Higher National Diploma and nursing or educating capability. Level 05 †sanctioned proficient and senior administration occupations Level distinguishes the capacity to utilization of individual expert obligation regarding advancement, structuring, item development, procedure, framework or administrations. What's more, this level perceives specialized and administrative skills at the most significant level and individuals who are involved in the most noteworthy obligation and made exceptional commitment to the advancement and practice of their occupation. This level is identical recognition, Master’s qualification, PhD and PGC 2. 3 Contemporary trainings activities in Sri Lanka 2. 3. 1 Vocational Institute of Sri Lanka Under the arrangements of the Vocational Training Authority of Sri Lanka Act No: 12 of 1995, Vocational Training Authority (VTA) was built up in Sri Lanka which is working under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Skills Developments. This has 6 National Vocational Training Institutes with 22 District Vocational Training Centers and 232 Vocational instructional hubs. VTA is actualizing the aptitudes improvement projects and offer abilities preparing for provincial youth as indicated by different fields. The Exposure of preparing for rur

4 Types of Distribution Channels in Marketing

4 Types of Distribution Channels in Marketing Manufacturers originally bear the responsibility to create the perfect marketing mix for their production.To create the product so that it responds to the customer needs and expectations. To carefully manage the price so that it is affordable enough but prestigious enough to buy that product. To communicate to their customer base when they have new solutions.And to place the product. To distribute it to end customers.Based on the scope, the type, and the diversity of your business, you will be faced with the need to delegate some of those responsibilities to third parties. Based on the time, cost and know-how it requires, distribution is usually the first one to go.This article will outline 3 classic distribution channels that might be a good fit for your organization and will argue there is a 4th, all-winner strategy you might want to employ in your business plan.Keep on reading to learn why.WHAT IS THE ROLE OF DISTRIBUTION IN A COMPANY?Manufacturers have the ultimate interest to br ing their production to the market and most manufacturers would be involved in the process as intermediaries.Manufactures create a distribution path, a distribution chain or a distribution channel to get the product out of the factory, onto the physical location, put the price tag on it and on the shelf, ready for the customer reach for it.The links in those chains are intermediaries. They could be companies or individuals who act as wholesalers, retailers, brokers or other, that ultimately push the product closer to the customer, each at their price and with their added value.The distribution channels do not just affect the price â€" they influence other marketing decisions. A distribution decision could give the product a unique position in the market.The same brand may use different distribution channels based on pricing. For example, while middle-range priced products are shipped to mass merchandisers, high-end products will only be offered to specialized stores through distribu ters.The decision will also be influenced by how knowledgeable, how motivated, how available their partners would be to build a customer relationship and to recommend their product.Product development may also be held up depending on whether or not the established distribution channels will handle the new product or a new strategy would have to be developed.HOW DO DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS WORK?The distribution channel or actor may be involved in various ways, to a various extend, at various stages, on a various price, in delivering the product from the manufacturer to the customer.The role of the distribution channel involves several functions that can each be performed by one or multiple intermediaries.Distribution channels are intended to limit the number of the transactions goods have to go through on their way towards its final destination.Wholesalers and retailers break bulk. Which means they order large quantities of products from the manufacturer and then sell single products to the end customers.Channel intermediaries create assortments, which means that they will source different products and allow the customer a larger choice.A main task of distribution channels is to have high efficiency. Transportation and storage, which is another task of distribution channels, are to be used at maximum capacity at minimum cost. Wholesalers and retailers will move the goods from one location to another to store until there is demand for the product.Intermediaries will usually offer more added value on the product, for example facilitate returns, offer customer support, etc.A common added value for all distribution channels is they all share the risk with the manufacturer. That is why manufacturers have vested interest to sell in bulk, in large quantities, while retailers have a vested interest to carefully asses if a particular product will be sold.Distribution channel members handle communication with end customer, including being partially responsible for advertisi ng.Distribution channels are responsible to create a two-sided connection from the manufacturer to the customer. We usually focus on one direction of that relationship â€" getting the product from the factory to the customer basket.However, the distribution channel returns profits, products for repair and customer feedback back to the manufacturer. The selected distribution channel member’s policies regarding any of those three functions, should influence a manufacturers decision whether or not they use them in theirs channel.The amount and role of distribution channel members determines the level of the distribution channel. Philip Kotler came up with the definition of the zero-level distribution channel where one manufacturer sells directly to the customers.If the manufacturer uses a distributer to get the customer, that would be a one-level channel. And if that distributer sells to a retailer, that would be a two-level distribution channel.3 TRADITIONAL TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION CH ANNELS IN MARKETINGAs we already established, the distribution channel influences multiple other marketing decisions â€" the price, the product development, employee management, organizational structure etc.This article aims to give you examples of successful strategies with different distribution channels, as well as traps to look out for when you choose one or the other.Continue reading on if you feel like you need to create, change or improve upon your distribution strategy. We hope you find it helpful.Type 1. Direct salesDirect sales are a good distribution model for selling any sort of product that is in the middle price range, it is not purchased every day, and has long shelf-life. Stationery, air purifiers, or jewelry to name a few.Direct distribution would mean that the manufacturer finds a way to directly communicate to customers without using any market intermediaries and will deliver the goods themselves.Internet and E-commerce has really popularized direct distribution, however, we find E-commerce is very specific and therefore we have allocated a special place for E-commerce at the bottom of this article.The most important aspect of direct distribution marketing is communication to the end customer. You need to make sure you are sending the right message.Here are 10 strategies to encourage in direct sales:Features. As soon as you establish contact with a potential customer, they will want to assess if your product can be useful to them. The basis of your conversation needs to center around the features of your product and its purpose. If the features do not match the customer’s needs they will not be interested.Advantages. If you have captured the customer’s attention, after listing the features you will be in a place to defend your product against the competition. What makes your product unique?Benefits. Give your customers the logic between using your product and finding a solution to their needs. Tell them how it will save them time, how it will make them money, or how it will resolve their organization issues.Intimacy. Establish a personal connection with the user. At this point of the conversation you have grabbed their attention, but you have not necessarily closed the deal. Spend the time to convince them you have their best interest in mind â€" go off topic if you have to.Reciprocity. Do the customer a favor. Fish for the kind of favor they would respond to â€" free samples, discounts or affiliation code. Create the feeling the favor is exclusive. Whenever a customer feels you have done them a favor, that creates the need to return it. They will feel obliged to do you a favor and this subconscious feeling will create an imbalance in the situation they would like to rectify.Reasoning. Studies have proved giving multiple reasons, even if they are obvious reasons will tip the scales in your favor. Never run out of reasons. Do not just assume the customer can come up with the logic themselves. In other words â€" do n ot be afraid to state the obvious.QA. Learn more about the customer â€" when and how they use their training shoes. Tell them how you believe they should be used. Tell them you are not just selling them shoes. You are selling them a pathway to a healthy and beautiful body. Then ask for your favor back and close the deal.Disclaimer. Close the deal by reminding the customer once again they will have a choice. They can buy the item now but then they would have to approve of it upon delivery, or return it to the delivery person. And even then they can return their item in a 30-day period. And even then within the next 60 days they can still get a replacement or store credit. They still have a choice.Small steps. When you are getting one ‘No’ after another, the customer might be unwilling to establish a new connection. Put your foot in the door. Ask just for a meeting. Start a relationship and work on from there.Affiliate. For whatever reason the customer is not willing to take your offer. Establish a good connection and ask for recommendation. Do they know anyone who might be happy to use your service? Ask them for a contact.Type 2. Brokers and distributersIf a manufacturer choses to work with agents and brokers, they decide to directly delegate part of their tasks to those Intermediaries. They act as an extension of the producer in the sense they represent them before the end customer.Let us get the food industry for example.Before contracting a broker, the food manufacturer would have to offer the stores the production themselves.And that is usually the case with smaller vendors. However, as the business expands, they would look for alternatives for shipping their produce to the store.That would be done by a broker to handle the sales, or a distributer, who would take care to ship the goods to shops in various locations.Advantages of introducing a broker to a distribution channelIf the manufacturer contracts a broker, they would sign a contract and said brok er would be responsible for the offerings to the shops. Brokers are normally not responsible for the shipping itself. The broker is mainly responsible to close the sale.A broker would have a portfolio of manufacturers they work with in a particular geographic area. They have key retailers they work with and their incentive is to completely satisfy the needs of those retailers.Brokers will be very selective about the portfolio they assemble. They will not offer a manufacturer as a part of their line to a retailer unless they are sure the retailer will list their items. Therefore they usually have quick access to retailers and have well established relationships with them.The sales costs for vendors would be fixed. And for their taxes they will offer additional services such as invoicing, inventory control, sales reports and others.Disadvantages of introducing a broker to a distribution channelBrokers work for a high fee of the invoiced price of the total production â€" around 5% 10% .At the same time, they will not take responsibility over the shipping of the produce.Brokers do not have a great incentive to get to know a product or introduce it as a new line to a retailer. Their services normally do not include promotion.If sales of one of the products of the manufacturer slow down, an entire line may be dropped from the broker’s portfolio and be substituted by another, more lucrative line.The vendor will still be responsible for the logistics, the returns, the invoicing.Advantages of introducing a distributer to a distribution channelA store will normally work with several distributers and several dozen independent manufacturers. A distributer will directly buy the produce from the vendor and resell it to a retailer for direct distribution at a 20% 30% margin, with which they purchase, ship and invoice the goods.The distributer will work directly with the retailer, they will service their needs they will manage the inventory themselves and they will more of ten introduce new products since they are incentivized to sell off what they have purchased. They handle returns and product recalls.Disadvantages of introducing a distributer to a distribution channelSince distributers do shipping and inventory management, they will have an incentive to defend a particular brand in front of the store, however, they will have a limited time for it.The manufacturer must ensure the distributer they work with knows their product well and they can increase awareness for it at the retailer in the small amount of time they have allocated to stock, ask questions, answer them and take orders.Distributers take on the risk of underselling and It is therefore very costly for them if a product is not performing well. Maybe a line is not selling for reasons that have nothing to do with the manufacturer â€" pricing, shelf placement, location of the store etc.Still, the distributer can and will drop a line and will not pick it back up.Learn more: Type 3. Wholesale rs/RetailersWorking with wholesalers and retailers is usually a preferred distribution chain link because wholesalers and retailers do purchase the product from the manufacturer and therefore they take on the risk if the products do not sell well.Working with resellers works perfectly for digital products.Here are several strategies on how to create and maintain the relationship with your resellers:Create a base. In additions to traditional wholesalers and retailers, companies may benefit from asking big buyers if they want to become resellers for the brand. Give them an offer they cannot refuse.Your relationship must be profitable for both sides. Take interest to know how well your resellers are doing and what is their opinion for the connection between their success and the products you are offering.Communication is key. Make sure the your tasks and strategies are completely complemented by your reseller’s efforts and workflow. Do not allow everyday business issues to stop you f rom making sure the products reach the customer smoothly.Build a relationship. Regardless of the scope or the profitability of the reseller, find time to make them feel included, to become a part of your company culture. Build trust and loyalty.Allow your resellers to know your product. Resellers are often with the mindset they are in the business of sales, not consultation. Prepare short, easy to comprehend presentations or handouts they can absorb or redistribute to their customers.Gather feedback. Resellers and manufacturers have a common goal. To get more product out to the market. Gathering and processing feedback for the manufacturer may improve the brand perception, the development process and customer loyalty.E-COMMERCE CHANGES THE GAME OF DISTRIBUTIONE-commerce completely changes the game of distribution for several reasons.An e-commerce company, depending on their business model may see themselves as the manufacturer, a wholesaler, or a retailer. Those roles have become mo re fluid.E-commerce in general immediately makes products available for a large customer base and therefore less intermediaries are needed. Storage locations needs are limited, too.With predictive and prescriptive analysis of big data, e-commerce makes it possible that inventory management and shipment are predicted in advance and optimized.Employee management and productivityE-commerce is the most efficient distribution channel available for a business. It decreases dramatically the need to use multiple storage locations, multiple distributers and brokers to connect you to retailers to sell your product line.A company would need the least amount of employees and intermediaries to operate their business if they sell online.E-commerce digitalizes inventory management, storage and shipment, direct sales. While a business with classic distribution channels may struggle with the need to accumulate know-how, connection and contacts, an e-commerce business can safely operate with IT-educa ted personnel only.All aspects of trade are digitalized â€" inventory registers are substituted by integrated databases, direct sales are substituted by online marketing, product assessment is substituted by user-generated feedback and rating.Inventory managementIn a classic distribution structure, a manufacturer would create an N amount of product. Three of its resellers will buy X, Y and Z amounts and sell out different amounts of those to their customers.Distributer A will take away another 20% of the total produce and distributer B will get 35%.At this point not a single customer has done 1 purchase of the product and the connection between sales and product success is lost for the vendor.The resellers and the distributers will need a T amount of time to offer the product, encourage sales, sell out and report back to the manufacturer. Or order more product.This clogged distribution channel creates issues, when it comes to gathering customer feedback, assessing demand for a produ ct, managing returns and recalls of compromised product.E-commerce allows for 1-location storage, shipment tracking for the customer, assessing popularity of a product, stocking large amounts for high-demand periods and more.ExposureClassic distribution channels count on different strategies for pushing a product. In the food industry, a supermarket will stock the items they sell with larger margins at eye level. The cheaper products will be dumped at the bottom of the shelf.In specialty stores, consultants would have to be incentivized to push a product via offering them a percentage fee or other stimulus.Now, on the internet, the customer can easily find whatever they are looking for via searches by keywords, filters by pricing, size, purpose, etc.And not just that, cross-selling on the Internet can be automated where a customer will be offered to buy the printer with the ink, the table with the table cloth, the Christmas tree with the ornaments.Interactive advertisingIn addition to lower costs and the easier management, the best thing about e-commerce is, without any doubt, the personalized interactive advertising.Interactive advertising shortens the purchase process significantly.Traditionally, the user would have to identify they need the product, they need to make the time and would need to find the location where the category of the product is offered, and then count on the consultant to have the time and patience to listen to his or her needs and offer the correct item.Then they need to have the right color (or size or something else) in stock.Interactive advertisements may offer the product to the customer even before they have identified the need themselves.If the customer is regular user in blogs about sports, they might be advertised training shoes. If they were interested in content about healthy food, they will be shown bio foods items. If they were interested in advice how to take care of a baby kitten, they will be offered cat food. Before even doing one search for those items.Once the ad grabs the user attention and they click on it, they will immediately be redirected to the money page and the purchase will be available at one click.Even if they click away, the browser will remember their preference and remind them they can purchase the product at any time.Do that a sufficient amount of times and your ads become a gallery of products you are interested even before you know you needed them.Interactive advertisement beats the most efficient sales force.CONCLUSIONThe decision you will take about your distribution channel will affect your pricing, your products, your relationships with your intermediaries and your customers.Make sure you take your time and carefully think over your strategy in advance.Only delegate when you are comfortable that a third party will do the job better at a lower ultimate cost.Always consider E-commerce as a distribution channel. It can easily be diversified, it is the most profitable, and it ca n be used in addition too your other distribution efforts.

Comparing Joe Stalin and Adolf Hitler Essay - 499 Words

Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler, these two men have forever changed the history of the world. Josef Stalin or Uncle Joe Stalin as his country knew him, was seen to the Russian people as a savior and a heroic leader. Adolf Hitler was known as the `Father of the Final Solution, which killed nearly six million of the sick, gypsies, Jews, homosexuals, and handicapped. Stalin and Hitler were both evil men who gained their power by manipulating others to get what they wanted. Both men were cold and calculating when it came to getting what they wanted. These two men had no respect for human life and did not have a problem killing people who stood in their way. They promised the people of their country a new world with a bright future; however,†¦show more content†¦They felt it necessary to permanently remove any and every one who stood in path during their rise to power. Both were blinded with imaginary thoughts and visions of their fantasy world. They were unstoppable when it cam e to what they wanted. They were fueled by distorted and hateful views. Neither of the two men thought twice about killing someone, it did not matter whether it was friend, foe, or even family. The two men were similar in countless ways. Both men came from poor families and did not have father figures present for most of their lives. They both lived in fantasy worlds where everyone knew them as the heroic leader. Hitler and Stalin were able to get what they wanted by bullying those around them. The two men constantly spread terror, intimidation, and violence throughout their countries. They were murderers of countless innocent people who only crime was being in their path to the top. These men worked day and night to inflict pain and cruelty upon the citizens of their countries. Although Hitler and Stalin were similar in many ways, they had differences among them. Adolf Hitler, even though he was extremely vile and cruel, ladies found him attractive. These ladies were said to be amid his most significant benefactors giving to him money and jewelry to help his political career. Josef Stalin was not just the opposite of a ladies man. He was left facially disfigured by a childhood case of smallpox and had cripple left arm that was due toShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPorter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New

Essay on MENO PLATO - 600 Words

Socrates, can virtue be taught?1 The dialogue begins with Meno asking Socrates whether virtue can be taught. At the end of the Meno (86d-100b), Socrates attempts to answer the question. This question is prior to the division between opinion and knowledge and provides to unsettle both. Anytus participated in Socrates and Meno conversation about virtue. Socrates claims that if virtue is a kind of knowledge, then it can be learned. If it is something besides a kind of knowledge, it perceptibly cannot be taught. Virtue is a particular moral excellence, a beneficial quality, or power of a thing, and masculine strength or courage. At the end of the Meno, Socrates states that the hypothesis, if knowledge is virtue, it can be taught. 1 The†¦show more content†¦This extensive perception of virtue may include such precise virtue as courage, wisdom, or moderation, but it should be possible to offer a perfectly general description of virtue as a whole, the skill or ability to be fully human. It is impossible for each human being to have the same virtue because everyone created unequally. In the conclusion, Socrates explains virtue is a gift from the gods that everyone should have it. An alternation to saying virtue is knowledge. Based on the reading, virtue is a true opinion. Subsequently, true opinion needs to be tied down to be knowledge. Still, true opinion is as valuable as knowledge, if it is dependable. Socrates says that we still have not scrutinized what virtue truly is. In the Meno, Plato believes that true beliefs becomes knowledge by the grounding true belief. As mentioned before, if virtue is x, then it can be taught (because knowledge can be taught), therefore virtue (x) is equal to knowledge. Platos expositions of elements of his own theory of knowledge, yet, the investigation of knowledge is indirect. I believe Socrates states that everyone was born with a knowledge of right and wrong, he / she needed to experience situations where he / she needed to recall this knowledge. He makes reference to the initial knowledge being in the soul. The epistemological distinction that Plato is attempting to illuminate in thisShow MoreRelatedThe Text Of The Meno By Plato938 Words   |  4 PagesIn the text of the Meno by Plato, the dialogue develops and attempts to answer the question of what virtue is, and whether it is teachable. The paradox explained can be used to discuss merely anything, and we can thus say that either one knows or does not know. If a person knows, then they cannot investigate or question their knowledge. However, if a person does not know, they cannot inquire about it which means a person cannot question for not knowing what they do not know. Plato goes ahead and resolvesRead More Platos Meno Essay799 Words   |  4 PagesThe dialogue opens up with Meno asking what virtue is and whether it could be taught. Socrates asks Meno for a general definition of virtue, since as Socrates points out, we cannot figure out if virtue can be taught if we do not have a clear idea what it is. Socrates is looking for a ge neral, or formal definition of virtue, not just examples or instances of it. Socrates wants to know what all the examples of virtue have in common. He wants to know the essence of virtue. Meno initially offers a listRead MorePlato s Meno As A Socratic Discussion On Human Sexuality And Age1686 Words   |  7 PagesPlato s Meno is a Socratic discussion on the definition of human virtues where the main participants are Socrates and Meno. Other speakers in the dialogue include an Athenian politician, one of Meno s slaves, and Socrates’ prosecutor Anytus, who is a friend to Meno. Meno wants to understand the broad definition of human virtues and while visiting Athens he initiates the dialogue on virtues with Socrates. The discussion begins with Meno inquiring from Socrates whether virtues can be learned. MenoRead MorePlato s Meno And Nietzsche On Truth And Lie1720 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s Meno and in Friedrich Nietzsche’s On Truth And Lie In An Extra-Moral Sense, both writers touch upon the theme of â€Å"truth† and â€Å"knowledge†. In Meno, Plato writes of a dialogue between his late mentor, Socrates and politician Meno. In the Meno dialogue, through a dialectical method, Socrates’s manages to prove to Meno he knows nothing of virtue while On Truth And Lie In An Extra-Moral Sense, Nietzsche analyzes how language isn’t â€Å"truth† and Knowledge is an invention as a means of survivalRead MoreSocrates Vs. Plato : The Essential Themes Of The Meno1633 Words   |  7 PagesThere is not a great deal of context that is crucial to understanding the essential themes of the Meno, largely because the dialogue sits nearly at the beginning of western philosophy. Socrates and Plato are working not so much in the context of previous philosophies as in the context of the lack of them. Further, this is very probably one of Plato s earliest surviving dialogues, set in about 402 BCE (by extension, we might presume that it represents Socrates at a relatively early stage in his ownRead MorePlato s Dialogue : The Meno2000 Words   |  8 PagesPlato’s dialogue the Meno explores the question of whether virtue can be taught. This dialogue provides no contextual setting like other early dialogues do, and instead it begins suddenly with Meno putting forth the question of whether virtue is teachable. Unlike earlier dialogues that mostly revolved around Socrates questioning and refuting an interlocutor who claimed to know something, though the Meno does this to an extent in the beginning, Socrates attempts to offer a potential positive solutionRead MorePlato s Meno : True Opinion Vs.983 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Meno: True Opinion vs Knowlege Socrates was one of the most influential and thought-provocative people in all of Ancient Greece; he was so monumental in his teachings that his theories and argumentative styles are still utilized today. One of Socrates’ most influential students was Plato, another ancient philosopher that followed Socrates through Greece and kept record of his arguments and teachings, who would go on to be some of the most significant philosophical academia to ever be publishedRead MoreIs Plato s Theory Of Recollection A Plausible Solution For Meno s Paradox Of Knowledge?960 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneral topic is Plato’s theory of recollection. Is Plato’s Theory of Recollection the plausible solution to Meno’s Paradox of Knowledge? Throughout many of his dialogues Plato often concludes that we cannot know something through our senses. He often concludes that we became acquainted with our knowledge in a previous existence. In Meno, Socrates states that, â€Å"As the sou l is immortal, has been born often, and has seen all things here and in the underworld, there is nothing which it has not learned; soRead MorePlato s The Meno, A Greek Philosopher And The Wisest Of All People1216 Words   |  5 PagesAlexis Evans Midterm Paper 11/4/14 Topic 1 In Plato’s The Meno, Socrates, who was a Greek philosopher and considered one of the wisest of all people expresses his views on the relationship between knowledge and virtue. In todays era, virtue is defined as having good morals as a human being. Knowledge is defined as factual information and skills that are acquired by a person through experience or education. Together Socrates makes a statement and or beliefs, that virtue is knowledge because if youRead MoreComparing Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo By John M. Cooper1009 Words   |  5 Pagesexist in the world. While this exist in the world some of the things that bring people the most happiness in life is achieving a good education, treating others equally, and loving those around them. An example of this within Plato Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo by John M. Cooper is the following. â€Å"Men of Athens, I am grateful and I am your friend, but I will obey the god ra ther than you, and as long as I draw breath and am able, I shall not cease to practice philosophy, to

Letter of rejection Free Essays

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What are the differences between Kant and Arendt on radical evil Essay Example

What are the differences between Kant and Arendt on radical evil Paper The concept of evil is one that for all of us is difficult to come to terms with. In our everyday life, in the news and in all forms of historical contemplation we encounter acts of what we call evil, and we intuitively attempt to calibrate them. We look to find a scale against which we wish to measure ourselves in order to justify our own actions and for the religious of us, to estimate the chances of an eternal life with God. Philosophers and theologians alike, have looked for an explanation for the wrong doing around them and they theorise in an attempt to understand whether evil is inherent in human nature or not. Are we essentially evil? Can we work towards purifying ourselves or are we inherently good and is evil an incomplete development of the capacity for good1? Immanuel Kant introduced the notion of radical evil in his essay Of Radical Evil in Human Nature taken from his paper Religion within the bounds of mere reason. This was a theory that went against all of his previous convictions on the notions of good, evil and free-will. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the differences between Kant and Arendt on radical evil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are the differences between Kant and Arendt on radical evil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are the differences between Kant and Arendt on radical evil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Previously, in Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788), evil had been for Kant varying degrees of the absence of the capacity for good. He now claimed that man could not be good and evil in varying degrees but that he was either absolutely good or absolutely evil. He is free to either choose to adhere to the moral law or to deviate from it. This view has influenced many thinkers from the time of inception to this very day, famously including Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) who abandoned this idea for her theory on The Banality of Evil. It is the relationship between these ideas that I wish to discuss. I shall begin with a more comprehensive description of Kants doctrine of radical evil in order to provide a basis for this discussion and then, in contrast Arendts transition from radical evil to the banality of evil. This will, I hope, allow us to see some of the differences in their thinking and the reasoning behind them. Kant had discovered a problem with his previous convictions. On closer inspection of them, they seemed to say that man was not morally responsible for his actions. He had asserted that mans moral experience indicates a division between the sensual world of inclination and desire, the animality2of human nature; and the intelligible world which is always in conformity with the dictates of reason (this is proven empirically we are all aware of concepts such as good and ought and right). Firstly, the animal part of mans nature is not subject to free-will, so can be considered neither morally good nor morally bad in the same way as a cat could not be held morally responsible for bringing home a mouse. The cat does not have the facility within him to choose otherwise. Secondly, for the perfectly reasonable part of mans nature, it is only possible to conform to the moral law. He is not only aware of the moral law but he is also compelled to abide by it, so there is also without the freedom of choice. It would follow then, that for man to be morally obligated and to have a genuine free-will he must be given the freedom to choose and that choice must only be a choice between good and evil. Without this choice his life would be determined by his inclinations which are imposed upon him and a strictly formatted sense of reason from which, if he is healthy, he cannot escape either. We can now see that Kant introduced his doctrine of radical evil so as to make freedom, in this sense, intelligible to give a full and adequate justification of moral freedom3 It must therefore follow that evil is a necessary part of human nature. The possibility of evil must somehow lie in human nature itself. 4 Seemingly negatively, Kant begins his essay by pointing out that evil is something that we cannot deny exists within all of us; There is no man who liveth and sinneth not. 5It is impossible to deny that man can be cruel for cruelties sake. This is empirically evident. If this were not the case, how could we hold anyone responsible for harm done to us? Anyone who genuinely believes in Kants original, unintended deterministic view is committed to accepting all that comes his way and laying no blame. There, however, seems to be no such person. Even those who believe themselves to be determinists seem to object and be outraged when they are treated brutally and think that the perpetrator ought not to have done it. It is important to note at this point, that Kant is famously known to believe that there can be a specific moral code. That it is possible for our moral system to be universalized. He, however strongly supports the possibility of acting in a way that is in opposition to it, again in support of the freedom to choose. It is in this, for Kant, that the basic constituent of free will resides. A man can choose to uphold the moral law or he can choose to deviate from it. Man is a rational being who lives by an over-all principle6 He must be either radically good or radically evil. Even one deviation from the moral law implies that he is radically evil. He has made a decision to deviate which is part of his overall maxim. The human being is evil, cannot mean anything else than that he is conscious of the moral law and yet has incorporated into his maxim the (occasional) deviation from it. With free will as a foundation for beings who act according to their self-constructed overall maxims it is important for them to construct them carefully. Kant suggests the use of his categorical imperative: Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature. There is no excuse for neglecting the responsibility to think, to be mindful of your actions, to consider the categorical imperative when creating your maxims. In this way Kant and Arendt are similar. Hannah Arendt was, unlike Kant, a post-Holocaust thinker and she had sought to come to grips with the methodical destruction of the European Jewry. She had studied the cold minded murder of millions of human beings by ordinary upstanding citizens and also attended and documented the trial of a significant cog in this mechanism of destruction, Adolf Eichmann. This had a momentous affect on her thinking: She had written in a letter to a significant historian at the time that she had backed down from her previous views on Kants doctrine on radical evil and now held a different view; It is indeed my opinion now, that evil is never radical, that it is only extreme, and that it possesses neither depth nor any demonic dimension. It can overgrow and lay waste the whole world precisely because it spreads like a fungus on the surface. It is thought-defying, as I said, because thought tries to reach some depth, to go to the roots, and the moment it concerns itself with evil, it is frustrated because there is nothing. That is its banality. Only the good has depth and can be radical. 7 Arendt found this banality extremely difficult to understand. She had set herself on a quest to understand what evil was and what it meant. She had also hoped that the presence of evil would be clear and comprehensible at Eichmanns trial in Jerusalem. She, however, was disappointed. Eichman doings were set in banality there was no demon. She was nevertheless sure that Eichman was the perpetrator. Many who met Eichmann including Arendt witnessed that this man was not a monster8 , he was a normal family man. This was concluded after a long series of psychological tests. How could somebody so normal be responsible for the deaths of so many people? Even the judges had trouble accepting that Eichmann was normal and incapable of telling right from wrong. They preferred to conclude that he was a liar. 9 Eichmann was not alone. He was part of a nation responsible as a whole for racial genocide. He could not have completed his objectives alone, without the help of normal, everyday people. These ordinary people were merely carrying out [orders] given by Hitler10 It is not surprising then that they guilty not of crimes but acts of state11 Brutal acts of murder were objectified. Killing with lethal gases for us seems a heinous crime but for those who carried out such acts during Hitlers regime it was a medical matter12 Arendt deduced from these experiences that evil is the absence of thought the shallowness of the evildoer. For Arendt, thinking amounts to a quest to understand the meaning of our world, the ceaseless and restless activity of questioning that which we encounter internally and externally. The value of thinking is not that it yields conclusive results in the same way that empirical knowledge does, but that it constantly returns to question again and again. This, for Arendt, is the cause of our moral responsibility. It was precisely the failure of this capacity that characterized the banality of Eichmanns inclination to participate in political evil. As Plato said thinking is an activity without which life would not be much. Our lives would become mechanical and determined. We are according to Arendt obliged to question things like justice and love etc The people of Germany had the task of thinking alleviated by their Fuhrer. Hitler had created a culture which seemed legitimate to those living in it. With his clever use of propaganda and symbolism he managed to convince his people of the legitimacy of his ideals and intentions. He used stricking phrases such as: the battle of destiny for the german people13 which created a false image of the Nazi regime. The battle of destiny implies that the war against the Jews was a battle that was destined to happen and was unavoidable. Architecture was another tool used by Hitler to create the symbol of world domination and the Nazi ideology. The Olympic stadium, for example, designed by Walter Marsh, symbolized the self confidence of the masters of the German people. These were a contribution to the mind set that all is under control and therefore officially legal and morally correct. Eichmann epitomised the natural gullibility of human beings in general. He, as did many others did not realize that [he was] being manipulated14 They were not aware that Hitler had conspired to present himself with divine radiance. Albert Speer, Hitlers architect was quoted to have said that he was thinking as a specialist and not as a human being. [He] forgot that humanity is the most important part of life. 15 With the benefit of hindsight it is easy to say that it is better to be out of tune with everyone else than with yourself. Hannah Arendt said in her essay, Thinking and Moral Considerations a Lecture, that within our minds is an original split. We have within us the reflector and the reflected. We in effect witness our own thoughts, thus creating an internal dialogue between me and a certain otherness. It is this dialogue that manifests consciousness and it is extremely important to be friends with this other. Socrates once said that he can be friends with the sufferer of evil but I cannot live with a murderer. This implies that we are internally punished for our external actions, but, only those who know that they are doing wrong will suffer as a result of this internal dialogue. The people who do not suffer are the ones who do not know that they are doing wrong.